Imininingwane yokupakishwa kwamakhabethe okubukisa amakhekhe edeskithophu yedeskithophu yenza isisekelo sokubala izimpahla zamazwe ngamazwe. Phakathi kwamamodeli ajwayelekile ekusakazweni komhlaba wonke, amakhabhinethi amancane edeskithophu (ubude obuyimitha eyi-0.8-1) anomthamo ohlanganisiwe ocishe ube ngama-cubic metres angu-0.8-1.2 kanye nesisindo esiphelele esingu-60-90 kg; amamodeli aphakathi nendawo (amamitha ayi-1-1.5) anomthamo wama-cubic metres ayi-1.2-1.8 kanye nesisindo esingama-90-150 kg; amamodeli amakhulu angokwezifiso (ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-1.5) ngokuvamile adlula ama-cubic metres angu-2 ngevolumu futhi angaba nesisindo esingaphezu kwama-200 kg.
Ekuthuthweni kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuthutha olwandle kubalwa “ngama-cubic metres”, kuyilapho ukuthutha emoyeni kubalwa ngokusekelwe enanini eliphakeme eliphakathi “kwekhilogremu” noma “isisindo esiwuhlangothi” (ubude × ububanzi × ubude ÷ 5000, ezinye izindiza zisebenzisa u-6000). Uma sithatha isibonelo sekhabethe lekhekhe elingamamitha angu-1.2, isisindo salo esingu-300 kg (1.5 cubic metres × 200). Uma ithunyelwa ngendiza isuka eChina iye eYurophu, impahla eyisisekelo ilinganiselwa ku-$3-5 ngekhilogremu, okuholela ekuthuthweni kwezindiza iyodwa kusukela ku-$900-1500; ngolwandle ($ 20-40 nge-cubic meter ngayinye), impahla eyisisekelo ingama-dollar angu-30-60 kuphela, kodwa umjikelezo wokuthutha mude njengezinsuku ezingu-30-45.
Ukwengeza, izidingo zokunemba zemishini yengeza izindleko ezengeziwe.Ngenxa yama-compressor eyakhelwe ngaphakathi kanye nengilazi epholile, ezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe kufanele zihambisane nezindinganiso zokupakisha ze-ISTA 3A. Izindleko zamakhreyithi enziwe ngokwezifiso zokhuni eziphikisana nokutsheka cishe zilinganiselwa ku-$50-100 iyunithi ngayinye, zidlula kude izindleko zokupakishwa okulula kwezinto zokuhamba zasekhaya. Amanye amazwe (afana ne-Australia kanye ne-New Zealand) nawo adinga okokusebenza ukuthi kuhambisane nezitifiketi zokuphefumula, kanye nezindleko ezilinganiselwa ku-$30-50 iqoqo ngalinye.
2. Umehluko Wezindleko kanye Nezimo Ezisebenzayo Zezindlela Zokuthutha Ezinqamula Umngcele
Ekuhwebeni komhlaba, ukukhetha kwemodi yokuthutha kunquma ngokuqondile izindleko zempahla, ngomehluko wezindleko phakathi kwezindlela ezihlukene ezifinyelela izikhathi ezingaphezu kweziyi-10:
- Izimpahla zasolwandle: Ilungele ukuthuthwa ngobuningi (amayunithi ayi-10 noma ngaphezulu). Isiqukathi esigcwele (i-20-foot container singabamba amakhabethe angama-20-30 anosayizi ophakathi) ukusuka e-Asia kuya emachwebeni amakhulu aseYurophu (e-Rotterdam, e-Hamburg) kubiza cishe u-$1500-3000, okwabelwa iyunithi eyodwa kungu-$50-150 kuphela; I-LCL (Ingaphansi Komthwalo Wesitsha) ibalwa ngama-cubic metres, kanti i-Asia iya oGwini oluseNtshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika cishe ibiza u-$30-50 nge-cubic meter ngayinye, okuholela ekuthuthweni kwekhabhinethi elilodwa eliphakathi nendawo elilinganiselwa ku-$45-90, kodwa ngemali eyengeziwe yokuvula (cishe ama-dollar angu-20-30 iyunithi ngayinye).
- Izimpahla zomoya: Ifanele ama-oda aphuthumayo. Izimpahla zokuthutha emoyeni ezisuka e-Asia ziye eNyakatho Melika zilinganiselwa ku-$4-8 ngekhilogremu, nekhabethe elilodwa eliphakathi nendawo (300 kg dimensional weight) libiza u-$1200-2400, izikhathi ezingu-20-30 kunezokuthutha olwandle; Izimpahla zokuthutha zasemoyeni zangaphakathi kweYurophu (isb., eJalimane ukuya eFrance) ziphansi, cishe ngo-$2-3 ngekhilogremu ngayinye, nezindleko zeyunithi eyodwa zehla zaya ku-$600-900.
- Ezokuthutha ezihamba phansi: Kukhawulelwe emazweni angomakhelwane, njengangaphakathi kwe-EU ukusuka eSpain ukuya ePoland. Izinto zokuthutha ezihamba phansi 专线 zibiza cishe u-$1.5-2 ikhilomitha ngalinye, nohambo lwe-1000-km lubiza u-$150-200 iyunithi ngayinye, nesikhathi esiyizinsuku ezi-3-5 futhi kubiza phakathi kokuthuthwa kolwandle nomoya.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izimpahla zamazwe ngamazwe azibandakanyi izimali zokugunyazwa kwempahla yendabuko yendawo. Isibonelo, e-United States, amakhabethe amakhekhe okuthengisa angenisiwe angaphansi kwentela engu-2.5% -5% (ikhodi ye-HTS 841869), kanye nezinkokhelo ze-ejenti yokugunyazwa kwempahla (imali engaba ngu-$100-200 ngokuthunyelwa), okwandisa izindleko zangempela zokufika ngo-10% -15%.
3. Umthelela wamaNethiwekhi Wesifunda Sokuthuthwa Kwempahla
Ukungalingani kwamanethiwekhi omhlaba wonke kuholela kumehluko omkhulu ezindlekweni zokusabalalisa amatheminali kuzo zonke izifunda:
Izimakethe ezivuthiwe eYurophu naseMelika: Ngengqalasizinda yezokuthutha ethuthuke kahle, izindleko zokusabalalisa kusuka emachwebeni kuya ezitolo ziphansi. E-US, kusukela ePort of Los Angeles kuya edolobheni laseChicago, imali yokuthutha yezwe yekhabhinethi eyodwa ephakathi nendawo cishe i-$ 80-150; eYurophu, kusukela echwebeni laseHamburg kuya edolobheni laseMunich, cishe ku-€50-100 (okulingana no-$60-120), ngenketho yokulethwa okuhleliwe (okudinga imali eyengeziwe yesevisi engu-$20-30).
Izimakethe ezisafufusa: Izindleko zemayela lokugcina ziphezulu. ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (isb., e-Jakarta, e-Indonesia), imali yokulethwa ethekwini ukuya edolobheni ilinganiselwa ku-$100-200 ngeyunithi ngayinye, nezindleko ezengeziwe ezifana nezimali ezikhokhelwayo nezokungenela; ekuthuthweni okuphakathi nezwe ukusuka echwebeni laseLagos, eNigeria, ngenxa yesimo esibi somgwaqo, iyunithi yokuthutha impahla ingafinyelela ku-$200-300, ibalwa ku-30% -50% wentengo ye-CIF yechweba.
Izindawo ezikude: Ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla okuningi kuholela ezindlekweni eziphindwe kabili. Amazwe afana neParaguay eNingizimu Melika naseMalawi e-Afrika adinga ukuthi izimpahla zidluliselwe ezikhumulweni ezingomakhelwane, nempahla ephelele yekhabhinethi eyodwa yosayizi omaphakathi (kuhlanganise nokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla) ifinyelele ku-$800-1500, idlula kude izindleko zokuthengwa kwemishini ngokwayo.
4. Amasu Okulawula Izindleko Zokuthuthwa Kwempahla Ku-Global Sourcing
Ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuhlela okuphusile kwezixhumanisi zokuthutha kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ingxenye yezindleko zempahla:
Ezokuthutha ngobuningi endaweni eyodwa: Ama-oda amayunithi ayi-10 noma ngaphezulu kusetshenziswa isitsha esigcwele esithwala impahla olwandle angonga u-30% -40% uma kuqhathaniswa ne-LCL. Isibonelo, ukuthunyelwa kusuka e-China kuya e-Brazil, isiqukathi esigcwele esingamamitha angu-20 sibiza cishe u-$4000 (esikwazi ukubamba amayunithi angu-25), ngeyunithi ngayinye yesabelo se-$160; ukuthunyelwa ngamaqoqo e-LCL ahlukene angu-10 kuzoholela ekuthuthweni kweyunithi ngayinye engaphezu kuka-$300.
Isakhiwo sendawo yokugcina impahla: Ukuqasha izindawo zokugcina izimpahla phesheya kwezilwandle ezimakethe ezibalulekile ezifana neNyakatho Melika naseYurophu, kusetshenziswa imodeli “yempahla egcwele yeziqukathi zasolwandle + yokusabalalisa impahla yaphesheya kwezilwandle”, kunganciphisa izindleko zokulethwa okukodwa kusuka ku-$150 ngeyunithi ngayinye kuya ku-$50-80. Ngokwesibonelo,I-Amazon FBAIzitolo zaseYurophu zisekela ukugcinwa kwemishini ebandayo, ngerenti yanyanga zonke elinganiselwa ku-$10-15 iyunithi ngayinye, ephansi kakhulu kunezindleko zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe amaningi.
5. Ireferensi Yezimakethe Zezimpahla Zomhlaba Wonke
Ngokusekelwe ezimeni zezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe, imithwalo yomhlaba wonke yamakhabethe okubonisa amakhekhe edeskithophu yedeskithophu ingafinyezwa kububanzi obulandelayo (konke okwekhabethe elilodwa elinosayizi ophakathi nendawo, okuhlanganisa impahla eyisisekelo + imvume yempahla + ukulethwa kwetheminali):
- Ukuhwebelana kwangaphakathi kwesifunda (isb, ngaphakathi kwe-EU, ngaphakathi kweNyakatho Melika): $150-300;
- Ukuhamba nge-intercontinental eduze nolwandle (e-Asia ukuya eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, iYurophu ukuya eNyakatho Afrika): $ 300-600;
- Ukuthuthwa kolwandle oluya e-Intercontinental (e-Asia ukuya eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu kuya eNingizimu Melika): $600-1200;
- Izindawo ezikude (inland Africa, amazwe amancane aseNingizimu Melika): $1200-2000.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko ezengeziwe ngezikhathi ezikhethekile zidinga ukunakwa: kukho konke ukukhuphuka kwentengo kaphethiloli ngo-10%, izindleko zokuthutha olwandle zikhuphuka ngo-5% -8%; ukuchezuka komzila okubangelwa izingxabano zezwe (njengenhlekelele yoLwandle Olubomvu) kungaphinda kabili izilinganiso zempahla emizileni yase-Asia-Europe, kukhuphule izindleko zeyunithi eyodwa ngo-$300-500.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-10-2025 Ukubukwa: