Ingqungquthela yaseVienna, iProtokholi ye-Usher ukuya eMontreal

Njengoko iteknoloji iqhubela phambili, izifundo zenzululwazi zabonisa ingxaki evelayo kunye neempembelelo zayo zokuchithwa kwe-ozone. Izenzo zibizwa ngokuba yiminyaka emide. Kwi-1985, iNgqungquthela yaseVienna yoKhuselo lwe-Ozone Layer yenziwa ngokuphendula. INgqungquthela yaseVienna yaba yingqungquthela yokuqala yalo naluphi na uhlobo eya kusayinwa lilizwe ngalinye elibandakanyekayo, iqala ukusebenza ngo-1988 kwaye yafikelela ekuvunyweni kwehlabathi jikelele kwi-2009.
Le Ngqungquthela yayijonge ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwezizwe ngokutshintshiselana ngolwazi ngemiphumo yezenzo zabantu kucwecwe lwe-ozone. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba indibano ayibopheleli ngokusemthethweni, ingqungquthela yaseVienna ayifuni ukuba amazwe athathe amanyathelo okulawula ukukhusela i-ozone layer. Iprothokholi yaseMontreal yanyathela ngo-1987 ukulungisa lo mba.

Yintoni iProtocol yaseMontreal?

ISivumelwano saseMontreal satyikitywa ngowe-1987 saza saqalisa ukusebenza ngowe-1989. Ekuqaleni sasisayinwe ngamazwe angama-46, isivumelwano ngoku sinabatyikityi abaphantse babe ngama-200. ISivumelwano saseMontreal seZinto eziNcisa uLwaleko lweOzoni sisivumelwano sehlabathi sokukhusela umaleko we-ozone woMhlaba ngokuphelisa iikhemikhali eziwuphelisayo. I-Montreal Protocol sisivumelwano sehlabathi jikelele esilawula ukuveliswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezenziwe ngabantu eziphantse zibe li-100 ezibizwa ngokuba yi-ozone depleting substances (ODS).

Ithini iProtocol yaseMontreal?

ISivumelwano saseMontreal sinciphisa ukusetyenziswa nokuveliswa kwee-ODS ezahlukeneyo ngendlela elumkileyo, enethayimthebhile ezahlukeneyo zamazwe aphuhlileyo nasaphuhlayo (ekubhekiswa kuwo “njengamazwe eSiqendu sesi-5”). Ngaphantsi kwesi sivumelwano, onke amaqela anoxanduva oluthile olunxulumene nesigaba sokuphuma kwamaqela ahlukeneyo e-ODS, ukulawula urhwebo lwe-ODS, ingxelo yonyaka yedatha, iinkqubo zelizwe lelayisensi yokulawula ukuthengiswa kwe-ODS kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, kunye neminye imiba. Amazwe asakhasayo naphuhlileyo anoxanduva olulinganayo kodwa olwahlukileyo, kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, omabini amaqela amazwe anezibophelelo ezibophelelayo, ezijoliswe kwixesha kunye nezinokulinganiswa.

Izinto ezilawulwa phantsi kweProtocol yaseMontreal

Izihlomelo A (CFCs, halons)
Izihlomelo B (ezinye ii-CFCs ezinehalojeni ngokupheleleyo, i-carbon tetrachloride, i-methyl chloroform)
Izihlomelo C (HCFCs)
Izihlomelo E (methyl bromide)
Izihlomelo F (HFCs)

ISivumelwano saseMontreal sixhaswa nguNobhala we-Ozone weNkqubo yokuSingqongileyo ye-UN

Umnqophiso uguquguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso olutsha lwezenzululwazi, ubugcisa kunye noqoqosho, kwaye uyaqhubeka nokulungiswa kunye nokulungiswa. INtlanganiso yaMaqela liqumrhu lolawulo lesivumelwano, ngenkxaso yobugcisa ebonelelwa liQela eliSebenzayo eliVulekileyo, omabini ahlangana rhoqo ngonyaka. AmaQela ancediswa yiOzone Secretariat, ezinze kwikomkhulu leNkqubo yokusiNgqongileyo ye-UN eNairobi, eKenya.