Kuchokera ku Discovery of Ozone Hole kupita ku Montreal Protocol

 

 

 

Kupezeka kwa Antarctic Ozone Hole

Ozone wosanjikiza amateteza anthu ndi chilengedwe ku milingo yowopsa ya cheza cha ultraviolet kuchokera kudzuwa. Mankhwala otchedwa ozone depleting substances (ODS) omwe amatulutsidwa kumlengalenga mosalamulirika kale; Mankhwala amenewo amawononga mlengalenga wa ozoni. Mu May 1985, akumachitira lipoti m’magazini ya Nature British Antarctic Survey (BAS) asayansi Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner ndi Jonathan Shanklin anafotokoza kuona kwawo kutayikiridwa kwakukulu kwa ozone pa Antarctica. Kupezedwa kwa dzenje la ozoni ku Antarctic ndi BAS kunapereka chenjezo loyambirira la kupendekeka koopsa kwa ozone layer padziko lonse lapansi.

Msonkhano wa Vienna, Usher to Montreal Protocol

Pamene ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo, kafukufuku wasayansi adawonetsa vuto lomwe likubwera komanso zotsatira zake zakuwonongeka kwa ozone. Zochita zimatchedwa zaka zambiri. Mu 1985, Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer idapangidwa poyankha. Msonkhano wa ku Vienna unali msonkhano woyamba wamtundu uliwonse kuti usayinidwe ndi mayiko onse okhudzidwa, kuyambira mu 1988 ndikufika kuvomerezedwa kwapadziko lonse mu 2009.
Msonkhanowu unali ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko mwa kugawana zambiri zokhudza zotsatira za ntchito za anthu pa ozone layer. Koma chifukwa msonkhanowu sunamangidwe mwalamulo, msonkhano wa Vienna sufuna kuti mayiko achitepo kanthu kuti ateteze ozoni. Montreal protocol idalowa mu 1987 kuti athane ndi vutoli.

Kodi Montreal Protocol ndi chiyani?

Pangano la Montreal Protocol linasainidwa mu 1987 ndipo linayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1989. Poyamba linasainidwa ndi mayiko 46, panganoli tsopano lili ndi osayina pafupifupi 200. Protocol ya Montreal pa Zinthu Zomwe Zimawononga Gulu la Ozone ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse woteteza ozoni layer ya Dziko lapansi pochotsa mankhwala omwe amawononga. Montreal Protocol ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi womwe umayang'anira kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi anthu pafupifupi 100 otchedwa ozone depleting substances (ODS).

Kodi Montreal Protocol ikuti chiyani?

Ndondomeko ya Montreal Protocol imachepetsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kupanga ma ODS osiyanasiyana munjira yanzeru, ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana zamayiko otukuka ndi omwe akutukuka kumene (otchedwa "mayiko a Gawo 5"). Pansi pa mgwirizanowu, maphwando onse ali ndi maudindo apadera okhudzana ndi gawo la magulu osiyanasiyana a ODS, kuyang'anira malonda a ODS, malipoti a pachaka a deta, machitidwe a zilolezo za dziko kuti azilamulira ODS kunja ndi kunja, ndi zina. Maiko omwe akutukuka kumene ndi otukuka ali ndi maudindo ofanana koma osiyana, koma chofunika kwambiri, magulu onse a mayiko ali ndi mgwirizano wokhazikika, wokhazikika komanso wodalirika.

Zinthu zoyendetsedwa ndi Montreal Protocol

Annexes A (CFCs, haloni)
Annexes B (ma CFC ena okhala ndi halojeni, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform)
Zowonjezera C (HCFCs)
Annexes E (methyl bromide)
Zowonjezera F (HFCs)

Montreal Protocol imathandizidwa ndi Secretariat ya Ozone ya UN Environment Program

Mgwirizanowu umasintha pakapita nthawi potengera zatsopano zasayansi, zaukadaulo komanso zachuma, ndipo ukupitilirabe kusinthidwa ndikusinthidwa. Meeting of the Parties ndi bungwe loyang'anira mgwirizanowu, mothandizidwa ndi luso loperekedwa ndi Open-ended Working Group, yomwe imakumana pachaka. Maphwandowa akuthandizidwa ndi Secretariat ya Ozone, yomwe ili ku likulu la UN Environment Programme ku Nairobi, Kenya.